How Black & White and Color Photographic Film is Manufactured, How Color Film Works, and Why Some Movies are Still Shot on Film

John E. Johnson, Jr.January 16, 2026

Introduction The manufacture of photographic film is one of the most precise and delicate industrial processes ever developed, a fusion of chemistry, physics, ...

TechnicalTechnical Reviews

The Art and Science of Designing High-End Audio Cables

John E. Johnson, Jr.December 4, 2025

Designing high-end audio cables combines art andscience, requiring a thorough knowledge of electrical engineering, materials, and acoustics.

TechnicalTechnical Reviews

Understanding the Measurement of Noise When Looking at an FFT-Produced Spectrum

David A. Rich, Ph.D.November 13, 2025

This article provides an overview of the information shown in the spectrum plots in Secrets reviews of components with DACs. Among these...

TechnicalTechnical Reviews

Development of Modern Anamorphic (Widescreen) Lenses from the Original “Cinemascope” Lenses of the 1950s

John E. Johnson, Jr.August 14, 2025

The development of anamorphic lenses marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of cinematic storytelling, significantly enhancing the...

TechnicalTechnical Reviews

How Does a Cathode Follower in a Tube Audio Circuit Work?

John E. Johnson, Jr.July 24, 2025

A cathode follower is a vacuum tube circuit commonly used in audio applications for impedance matching, buffering, and signal conditioning.

TechnicalTechnical Reviews

Dual Triode Vacuum Tubes 12AX7 and 12AU7 – Why They Are So Popular for Use in Audio Amplifiers

John E. Johnson, Jr.June 12, 2025

The 12AX7 and 12AU7 tubes serve different roles in an amplifier due to their distinct electrical characteristics. They are dual triode tubes...

TechnicalTechnical Reviews

The Mathematics of How Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) and Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC) for PCM Digital Music Recordings Do Their Job

John E. Johnson, Jr.April 17, 2025

An Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) transforms an analog signal, which is continuous in time and amplitude, into a digital signal, which is...

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Analog Tape Recording and Playback Technology: The Principles, Practical Applications, and a Comparison to Digital Audio Recording

John E. Johnson, Jr.April 10, 2025

Analog tape recording and playback involve several mathematical principles and concepts, spanning from physics to signal processing.

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Testing the BluOS Wireless System with a NAD Masters M66 Streaming Preamplifier and PSB ALPHA IQ Wireless Speakers

John E. Johnson, Jr.April 2, 2025

BluOS is one several wireless music-playing formats that are currently available to consumers. It was released by the Lenbrook Group...

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Wireless Speakers: Past, Present, and Beyond – Part 3: Sonos

John E. Johnson, Jr.March 27, 2025

Sonos wireless technology is a proprietary multi-room audio system that allows users to stream music, podcasts, and other audio content...

TechnicalTechnical Reviews

Wireless Speakers: Past, Present, and Beyond – Part 5: Google Chromecast and Conclusions

John E. Johnson, Jr.March 27, 2025

Chromecast Audio is a wireless audio streaming device developed by Google that allows users to stream music from a smartphone, tablet, or...

TechnicalTechnical Reviews

Wireless Speakers: Past, Present, and Beyond – Part 2: BluOS

John E. Johnson, Jr.March 27, 2025

BluOS is a proprietary high-resolution multi-room audio streaming platform developed by Lenbrook International. It is designed to deliver...

TechnicalTechnical Reviews

Wireless Speakers: Past, Present, and Beyond – Part 1: Introduction and Bluetooth

John E. Johnson, Jr.March 27, 2025

Wireless speakers have revolutionized the way we experience sound, allowing users to enjoy high-quality audio without the constraints of...

TechnicalTechnical Reviews

Wireless Speakers: Past, Present, and Beyond – Part 4: Apple AirPlay 2

John E. Johnson, Jr.March 27, 2025

AirPlay 2 is Apple's wireless streaming technology that allows users to stream audio, video, and other media from Apple devices to...

TechnicalTechnical Reviews

How Phono Cartridges Are Manufactured

John E. Johnson, Jr.March 13, 2025

The manufacturing process of a phono cartridge is intricate and involves a combination of precision engineering, materials science, and skilled craftsmanship. ...

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